Assessment of sand encroachment in Kuwait using GIS     

Anwar B. Al-helal  Jasem M. Al-awadhi 《Environmental Geology》2006,49(7):960-967

Assessment of sand encroachment in Kuwait using Geographical Information System (GIS) technology has been formulated as a Multi-Criteria Decision Making problem. The Delphi method and Analytical Hierarchy Process were adopted as evaluating techniques, in which experts’ judgments were analyzed for objectively estimating and weighting control factors. Seven triggering factors, depicted in the form of maps, were identified and ordered according to their priority. These factors are (1) wind energy; (2) surface sediment; (3) vegetation density; (4) land use; (5) drainage density; (6) topographic change and (7) vegetation type. The factor maps were digitized, converted to raster data and overlaid to determine their possible spatial relationships. Applying a susceptibility model, a map of sand encroachment susceptibility in Kuwait was developed. The map showed that the areas of very high and high sand encroachment susceptibility are located within the main corridor of sand pathway that coincides with the northwesterly dominant wind direction.  相似文献   

Experimental and numerical studies of rock salt strain hardening     

M. Hamami 《Geotechnical and Geological Engineering》2006,24(5):1271-1292

The work presented in this paper comes as part of a research program dealing with the thermomechanical behaviour of rock salt. It aims to study laboratory and in-situ long-term behaviour by means of creep tests with deviator and temperature changes. The laboratory results, using a triaxial multi-stages creep tests, highlighted the strain hardening character of rock salt. Furthermore, the in-situ results, using a borehole dilatometer multi-step creep test, have shown that the drilling is carried out in a weakly stressed pillar. The interpretation of the laboratory results, using the J.LEMAITRE law, did not indicate full agreement with all the test results. As a result a ‘double’ J.LEMAITRE model, which takes into account a double strain hardening variable, has been put forward. The validation of this model on the laboratory creep tests is very satisfactory. Furthermore, the activation energy seems satisfactory to represent the influence of the temperature. The in-situ behaviour modelling is clearly more complex than the modelization based on laboratory tests. In fact, it seems that if the rock salt behaviour is maintained by J.LEMAITRE law, it is necessary to vary with the stress, at least, one of the parameters assumed constant in the basic law.  相似文献   

A Bay–River Coupled Model for Storm Surge Prediction Along the Andhra Coast of India     

Neetu Agnihotri  P. Chittibabu  Indu Jain  P. C. Sinha  A. D. Rao  S. K. Dube 《Natural Hazards》2006,39(1):83-101

The paper describes a two-dimensional bay–river coupled numerical model for storm surges along the Andhra coast of India. The effect of the Krishna and Godavari rivers on the surge development is analysed. A comparative study of the surge generated by a tropical cyclone with and without the inclusion of rivers is done in detail. Three cyclones that struck the Andhra coast in November 1977, May 1990 and November 1996 were used for the simulation studies. It is found that the idealized model without a river overestimates the sea-level elevation as compared to a more realistic bay–river coupled model. The temporal variation of surge values at the mouth of the rivers is also studied for all three cyclone cases. It is found that the effect of the presence of rivers depends on the strength of the cyclone, its point of landfall and the location of the rivers with respect to the landfall point.  相似文献   

T -distributed Random Fields: A Parametric Model for Heavy-tailedWell-log Data1     

Jo R?islien  Henning Omre 《Mathematical Geology》2006,38(7):821-849

Histograms of observations from spatial phenomena are often found to be more heavy-tailed than Gaussian distributions, which makes the Gaussian random field model unsuited. A T-distributed random field model with heavy-tailed marginal probability density functions is defined. The model is a generalization of the familiar Student-T distribution, and it may be given a Bayesian interpretation. The increased variability appears cross-realizations, contrary to in-realizations, since all realizations are Gaussian-like with varying variance between realizations. The T-distributed random field model is analytically tractable and the conditional model is developed, which provides algorithms for conditional simulation and prediction, so-called T-kriging. The model compares favourably with most previously defined random field models. The Gaussian random field model appears as a special, limiting case of the T-distributed random field model. The model is particularly useful whenever multiple, sparsely sampled realizations of the random field are available, and is clearly favourable to the Gaussian model in this case. The properties of the T-distributed random field model is demonstrated on well log observations from the Gullfaks field in the North Sea. The predictions correspond to traditional kriging predictions, while the associated prediction variances are more representative, as they are layer specific and include uncertainty caused by using variance estimates.  相似文献   

A Connectivity Index for Discrete Fracture Networks     

C. Xu  P. A. Dowd  K. V. Mardia  R. J. Fowell 《Mathematical Geology》2006,38(5):611-634

Connectivity is an important measure for assessing flow transport in rock, especially through fractures. In this paper, rock fracture systems are modelled by a discrete fracture model simulated by a marked point process. A connectivity index is then introduced to quantify the connectivity between any two points in space. Monte Carlo simulation is used to evaluate the connectivity index for stationary cases and relationships between the connectivity index and the parameters of the discrete fracture model are analysed. The average number of intersections per fracture, X_f, and the fracture intensity, P12 (P32), are calculated and the relationships between these parameters and the connectivity index are investigated, concluding that X_f is the more suitable parameter for the classification of rock mass flow properties. The relationships between the connectivity index and the percolation state of the fractured medium are also discussed. An edge correction is briefly discussed and a practical example is used to demonstrate the method of computing the connectivity index.  相似文献   

R＆D投入的区位模式与区域经济发展   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2  

姜怀宇  李铁立 《地理科学》2006,26(1):13-19

基于对中国R＆D投入的区位模式的实证检验，从投入一产出绩效的角度认为集中投入的区位模式具有较强的适宜性。利用聚类分析技术，按照R＆D的投入强度和及其对经济的带动效应、科技化效应、产业化效应将中国各省区划分为6类地区，具有代表性的是科技化模式和产业化模式。其中前者适合于技术存置较高的少数地区，而后者具有较强的借鉴意义。  相似文献   

长春市强冰雪冻害天气系统及物理量特征     

汪秀清  杨雪艳  陈长胜  吴宪军 《地理科学》2006,26(3):364-368

应用1971~2000年长春气象站10月至次年3月的逐日降水量、气温资料以及相应的NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,通过对资料的统计分析,给出了确定长春市发生强冰雪冻害天气的标准;根据对36个历史个例的高低空环流形势的分析,建立了4种强冰雪冻害的天气概念模型:冷涡型、深槽型、浅槽型、锋区平直型;进一步分析了长春市冰雪冻害天气的物理量场、要素场的特征。  相似文献   

基于主体人与地学本体的人-地-GIS关系讨论   总被引：3，自引：4，他引：3  

吴立新  徐磊  陈学习  车德福 《地理与地理信息科学》2006,22(1):1-6

“人-地-GIS”关系是地理信息科学及相关研究的基础。传统的人-地-GIS双向联系模型正在向以地学本体为核心的本体中心模型演化。通过主体人与客体人的区分,探讨两者在“人-地-GIS”关系中的地位与作用,分析人-地、地-GIS与人-GIS的相关关系。通过地学本体与本体论的分析,讨论地学本体与科学本体、哲学本体论之间的关系,分析地学本体与类、元数据之间的区别与联系。进而构建以地学本体为核心的“人-地-GIS”关系新模型,该模型整体上分为认知与再现两部分,由核心的本体模型及人的认知层、GIS的模型层与“地学”现象及其关系层构成。以主体人的认知为主线,讨论该模型中各模块的功能与相互关系,指出今后的发展方向。  相似文献   

长江口水域多光谱遥感水深反演模型研究   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

徐升  张鹰 《地理与地理信息科学》2006,22(3):48-52

利用Landsat-7 ETM 遥感影像反射率和实测水深值之间的相关性可以探测水深。该文介绍单波段、双波段比值和多波段3种线性回归模型以及动量BP人工神经网络水深反演模型。选择长江口北港河道上段作为研究区,利用上述模型,分两种情况进行水深反演:一是以河道全部历史样本建模;二是将河道按自然水深划分为浅水区和深水区分别建模。结果表明:神经网络模型预测精度高于线性回归模型;水深分区后线性回归和神经网络模型预测误差均有所减小。  相似文献   

高光谱遥感影像波段选择算法评价方法研究   总被引：2，自引：2，他引：2  

李行  毛定山  张连蓬 《地理与地理信息科学》2006,22(6):34-37

波段选择在高光谱影像数据降维处理中尤为重要，其算法较多，但针对波段选择算法评价方法的研究却很少。该文提出一种波段选择算法的评价方法。引入信息量、类别可分性和相关性3个指标，对所选波段子集进行度量，通过比较不同波段选择算法所选波段子集的度量结果，实现对波段选择算法的评价。在试验中，将该评价方法应用于4种常用的波段选择算法，分析了评价结果并验证了该评价方法的可行性。  相似文献